Research Hub

Science-backed guides on peptide pharmacology, protocols, and best practices.

Healing

BPC-157: The Healing Peptide Explained

Body Protection Compound-157 is one of the most researched peptides for tissue repair. Learn how it works, what the research says, and how it's used.

2026-03-157 min read
Healing

TB-500 and Systemic Tissue Repair

Thymosin Beta-4 is the peptide behind systemic recovery — mobilising stem cells and rebuilding damaged tissue throughout the body. Here's what the science says.

2026-03-126 min read
GH Axis

GH Secretagogues: CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin

The most widely used growth hormone-releasing peptide stack explained — how CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin work together to amplify the natural GH pulse.

2026-03-088 min read
Practical Guide

Peptide Reconstitution and Storage: A Complete Guide

Peptides arrive as lyophilised (freeze-dried) powder. Here's exactly how to reconstitute, store, and handle them correctly to preserve potency.

2026-03-056 min read
Science

Understanding Peptide Half-Lives and Pharmacokinetics

Half-life determines when and how often to dose. Learn the pharmacokinetics behind peptides and how serum level modelling helps you optimise your protocol.

2026-02-287 min read
Weight Management

Semaglutide for Weight Management: Mechanism and Protocol

GLP-1 receptor agonists like Semaglutide have transformed weight management research. Here's a deep dive into the mechanism, dosing, and what to expect.

2026-02-208 min read
Healing

GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide for Wound Healing & Anti-Aging

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper tripeptide that stimulates collagen synthesis, promotes wound healing, and exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a cornerstone peptide in regenerative medicine.

2026-03-188 min read
Healing

GHK: The Copper-Free Tripeptide for Cell Migration & Regeneration

GHK is the copper-free form of the tripeptide glycine-histidine-lysine, offering distinct receptor signaling from GHK-Cu with strong effects on cell migration, wound healing, and neurological repair through melanocortin and growth factor pathways.

2026-03-188 min read
Healing

LL-37: The Antimicrobial & Immunomodulatory Cathelicidin for Immune Defense & Healing

LL-37 is an endogenous cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide that disrupts bacterial biofilms, enhances wound healing, modulates innate immunity, and exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microbes including antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

2026-03-188 min read
GH Axis

Sermorelin: GHRH Analogue for Growth Hormone Stimulation

Sermorelin is a synthetic 29-amino acid GHRH analogue FDA-approved for growth hormone deficiency. Learn about its mechanism, dosing protocols, and clinical research.

2026-03-187 min read
GH Axis

Tesamorelin: Modified GHRH for Visceral Fat Reduction

Tesamorelin is an FDA-approved GHRH analogue modified with a trans-3-hexenoic acid moiety, proven to reduce HIV-associated lipodystrophy and visceral adiposity. Explore the mechanism and clinical evidence.

2026-03-188 min read
GH Axis

GHRP-2: Potent Ghrelin Mimetic for GH Axis Stimulation

GHRP-2 is a potent growth hormone-releasing peptide that acts as a ghrelin receptor agonist, producing strong GH release but with elevated cortisol and prolactin. Learn about mechanism, stacking, and side effects.

2026-03-188 min read
GH Axis

GHRP-6: Potent GH Secretagogue with Marked Appetite Stimulation

GHRP-6 is a hexapeptide ghrelin mimetic that powerfully stimulates growth hormone and appetite. Understand its mechanism, dosing, and why it's not combined with GHRP-2.

2026-03-187 min read
Cognitive

Semax: The Russian ACTH Analogue Enhancing Memory and Attention

Semax is a synthetic ACTH(4-10) analogue with Pro-Gly-Pro extension, developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow. This nootropic peptide increases BDNF and NGF levels, enhancing dopamine and serotonin signaling for improved cognitive performance, attention, and neurological recovery.

2026-03-188 min read
Cognitive

Selank: The Tuftsin Analogue Balancing Anxiety Without Sedation

Selank is a synthetic Tuftsin analogue developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow, combining anxiolytic effects with cognitive enhancement. This peptide modulates serotonin, GABA, and enkephalin systems, offering anxiety relief and mental clarity without sedation or withdrawal risk.

2026-03-188 min read
Longevity

MOTS-c: The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide That Mimics Exercise

Discover how MOTS-c, a peptide encoded within mitochondrial DNA, activates AMPK and improves metabolic health, offering exercise-like benefits without physical activity.

2026-03-188 min read
Longevity

Epithalon (Epitalon): The Tetrapeptide That Activates Telomerase and Restores Circadian Rhythms

Explore Epithalon, a pineal-derived tetrapeptide that lengthens telomeres, restores circadian function, and promotes cellular rejuvenation through telomerase activation.

2026-03-188 min read
Longevity

NAD+: Cellular Energy Currency and Master Regulator of Longevity Pathways

Understand NAD+ and its precursors (NMN, NR), how they restore cellular energy and activate sirtuins to drive DNA repair, mitochondrial health, and extended lifespan.

2026-03-188 min read
Longevity

SS-31 (Elamipretide): The Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant Protecting Cellular Energy Factories

Learn how SS-31 targets mitochondrial cardiolipin to neutralize oxidative damage, restore ATP production, and provide cardioprotection in heart failure and age-related decline.

2026-03-188 min read
Immune

Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1): Immune Modulation and Cellular Defense

A 28-amino acid thymic peptide with FDA approval in select markets, Thymosin Alpha-1 activates multiple arms of the immune system including T-cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells via TLR9 signaling.

2026-03-187 min read
Growth Factors

IGF-1 LR3: Long-Acting Growth Factor for Muscle Development and Recovery

A recombinant analogue of insulin-like growth factor 1 with an extended half-life of 20–30 hours, IGF-1 LR3 drives muscle hypertrophy and recovery by signaling through IGF-1 receptors while evading binding-protein sequestration.

2026-03-188 min read
Growth Factors

PEG-MGF (Pegylated Mechano Growth Factor): Satellite Cell Activation and Muscle Repair

A pegylated form of Mechano Growth Factor (an IGF-1 C-terminal peptide isoform), PEG-MGF activates satellite cells and promotes myogenic repair through a distinct signaling pathway compared to full-length IGF-1.

2026-03-188 min read
Weight Management

Tirzepatide: The GIP/GLP-1 Dual Agonist Revolution

Tirzepatide (Mounjaro/Zepbound) is a once-weekly GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist that produces sustained weight loss of 20-22% in clinical trials through dual appetite suppression and metabolic enhancement.

2026-03-188 min read
Weight Management

Retatrutide: The Triple-Agonist Frontier in Weight Loss

Retatrutide is an investigational GIP/GLP-1/glucagon triple receptor agonist that achieved unprecedented 24% weight loss in phase 2 trials, representing the frontier of multi-receptor peptide therapy.

2026-03-188 min read
Weight Management

AOD-9604: The GH Fragment for Selective Lipolysis

AOD-9604 is a synthetic fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 176–191) that stimulates lipolysis via beta-3 adrenergic receptors without GH's anabolic or IGF-1 axis effects.

2026-03-188 min read
Other

Melanotan II: Non-Selective Melanocortin Agonist for Tanning & Appetite

Melanotan II is a synthetic peptide that activates melanocortin receptors across multiple tissues, triggering tanning, appetite suppression, and sexual arousal—with significant safety considerations around spontaneous side effects.

2026-03-188 min read
Sexual Health

PT-141 (Bremelanotide): MC3R/MC4R Agonist for Sexual Dysfunction

PT-141, a more selective melanocortin agonist than its parent compound Melanotan II, is FDA-approved (Vyleesi) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women and shows promise for erectile dysfunction in men.

2026-03-188 min read
Other

DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide): Sleep & Circadian Rhythm Modulation

DSIP is a nonapeptide discovered for its ability to increase slow-wave delta sleep; mechanistic understanding remains incomplete, but evidence suggests cortisol rhythm modulation and potential anxiolytic effects.

2026-03-188 min read
Hormonal

Kisspeptin-10: LH/FSH Stimulator for Reproductive Hormones & Fertility

Kisspeptin-10 is a potent GnRH secretagogue that triggers luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone pulses, restoring reproductive hormone signaling in hypogonadal and infertile patients.

2026-03-188 min read
Other

Thymulin: Thymic Peptide for Immune Regulation & T-Cell Maturation

Thymulin is a thymic-derived nonapeptide that enhances T-cell maturation, promotes immune homeostasis, and shows anti-inflammatory effects in aging and immune disorders.

2026-03-188 min read
GH Axis

CJC-1295 Without DAC: Pulsatile GH and Ipamorelin Synergy

CJC-1295 without DAC (Modified GRF 1-29) mimics native GHRH with a ~30-minute half-life, enabling synchronized GH pulses when stacked with Ipamorelin. Unlike its albumin-binding variant, this peptide preserves natural pulsatility—critical for sleep GH secretion and long-term GH axis health.

2026-03-189 min read
GH Axis

CJC-1295 with DAC: Sustained GH Elevation and Albumin Binding Explained

CJC-1295 with DAC (Drug Affinity Complex) uses maleimidopropionic acid to bind serum albumin, extending half-life to 6-8 days and creating sustained GHRH agonism. This variant trades pulsatility for convenience and IGF-1 maximization—ideal for users prioritizing simplicity and long-term growth factor elevation over sleep GH preservation.

2026-03-189 min read